A critical review of the literature. has E-prescribing reduced Essay

A critical review of the literature. has E-prescribing reduced medication errors in inpatient settings in England - Essay Example The central role ÃŽ ¿f the physician is the provision ÃŽ ¿f care to individual patients. This process centres around the consultation between the physician and the patient. This process requires and generates information, historically recorded on a paper based medium. The limitations ÃŽ ¿f paper records as a standard repository ÃŽ ¿f information, is universally recognized as lacking the dynamic which electronic data medium promise: in effect, paper strangles the process ÃŽ ¿f delivering timely high quality health-care delivery. So what’s wrong with a medical system based on paper? Paper gets lost, degrades, and no matter how voluminous, paper files are limited in the quality and quantity ÃŽ ¿f data they contain@ (Scalet, 2003). From the viewpoint mainstream medicine, IT has long offered the promise ÃŽ ¿f significant improvements supporting the business ÃŽ ¿f provider operations. An inventory ÃŽ ¿f situational experiences, passive inquiry ÃŽ ¿f physicians, collateral health-care providers, and review ÃŽ ¿f literature, identified the following business support opportunities recognized secondary to the effective use ÃŽ ¿f IT: Promises ÃŽ ¿f transformation through IT have reverberated through my decade long career in health care. Yet, progress to date has been slow. The Institutes ÃŽ ¿f Medicine’s 2001 report bemoaned the fact that AIT has barely touched patient care,@ as evidenced by the storage ÃŽ ¿f the vast majority ÃŽ ¿f clinical information in paper form@ (as cited in Fromberg, 2003). Analysis ÃŽ ¿f passive inquiry and observation ÃŽ ¿f physicians, collateral health-care providers, and review ÃŽ ¿f literature, buttresses a frequently voiced sentiment: Electronic medical records, and increased IT applications, should top hospital CIO=s agendas because they can prevent errors, enforce standards, make staff more efficient, simplify record keeping and improve patient care. However, the current reality experienced by the author ÃŽ ¿f this essay,

International Finance and Financial Management Essay

International Finance and Financial Management - Essay Example The bottom-up approach is the opposite of top-down approach, dealing first with companies and then the industry groups and finally the economy. Fundamental analysis has its strengths in forecasting long-term trends, determining the company's fair value in terms of asset valuation, strong balance sheet, earnings stability, and staying power1. There are certain risks that investors have to put up with when investing in stocks. A company may face one or more of the several sources of fundamental risk, namely, business risk, financial risk, liquidity risk, exchange rate risk, country risk, interest rate risk, and credit risk2. Domiciled in Seattle, US, Microsoft has its offices in 100 countries. As per the information excerpted from its annual report for the year 2006, Microsoft reported a net income of $12.5 billion. Such profitability, however, does not get achieved without taking risks. Investors need to be aware of what risks Microsoft tackles with in order to satisfy its stakeholders. Microsoft, in its operations, encounters business risk which is the risk of uncertainty over cash flows caused due to a number of reasons. Microsoft faces intense competition across all markets for its products and services. 1Jones, C.P. (1996). Investments: Analysis and Management. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. 2Clark, E., Levasseur, M., & Rousseau, P.(1993). International Finance. Chapman & Hall, New York. Its competitors range from Fortune 100 companies to small, specialized single-product businesses. With low barriers to entry, this business segment is facing a fierce competition worldwide. These competitive pressures have the capability to threaten Microsoft's sales volumes and operating costs resulting in lower revenue. Microsoft faces a challenge in combating unlicensed use of its software and intellectual property rights3. It spends a fortune every year to educate the public regarding abuse of its software. However, continued educational efforts may not succeed in implementing Microsoft's desired security objectives and any reductions in the legal protection of its intellectual property rights can adversely affect revenue. Due to its geographic dispersion, Microsoft is subject to tax risk. Tax risk affects investors because it affects net earnings4. Being accountable for tax in the US as well as numerous foreign jurisdictions, there is uncertainty over Microsoft's tax liabilities . Therefore, tax provisions may not be accurate which can significantly impair its earnings. Other examples of business risk that may affect Microsoft's revenue are delays in product development, lawsuits and claims, changes in accounting standards, and maintaining uniformity in pricing structures due to global presence. Another challenge for Microsoft is to tackle with market risk that comprises of foreign exchange risk and interest rate risk. It is quite obvious that having operations worldwide Microsoft is deemed to face risk of foreign currency losing value relative to its domicile currency. However, as mentioned in its annual report, Microsoft manages this risk by hedging its foreign